[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
How to Read
Egyptian Hieroglyphs
A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO TEACH YOURSELF
Mark Collier and Bill Manley
New illustrations by Richard Parkinson
University of California Press
Berkeley
Los Angeles
London
Contents
CII;\'(.·I"'"~·
0 1 L\litorni<1 P it' '''''
Ik rkdt' Y
.u td
: .tb
.-\1I~des. l~.\lillHri.l
Lnivt.'rsit~·
. u
(a;iforlt~;.
Pn -s... .
Lid.
Loud o n .
Fn~ldlltl
Introduction vii
Ch a p t e r 3 Special wr it ings
§2 0
Ahl rrcvi a : ion s 32
§2 ! Ch a ng e o f o rd er: spa cillg
32
§ 22 Ch ange
of
ord er : p rest ige
33
§23 Def ect ive o r stra nge writings 34
§ 24 Titles
34
§ 2 5 Ep it h e ts
35
§ 26 Th e .:fferin g fo rm ula 35
§ 27
The ge n itive
39
t :q,l'priall fwu rary deities
40
Exercise,
.J3
Chapter I Hieroglyphs
§ 1 lt ltr '1d uCli<tn 1
§2 Reading h ie ro glyp h s
2
§ 3 Tra llsl itl'r ati oll 2
§4 1-co ns o n a n t signs 2
§ 5 Arra n ge me nt
of
sign s
.J
§6 De te r m in a tives : m e a n in g-sign s
§7 Dire ct iOIl
of
w ri tin g 6
§S
q
i
a nd
1-
II'
a n d plurals 8
§9 " " Uns
§
10 Adje ctive s
10
fxacises 10
Pilb lish c d
oy
a n
angc- uc ru
wh h : 11C
Brn isl:
,\111~(.·i1t11
Pr e s...
ISIJ:\ 0 -52 0-2 1 507 -4
Dl>~iglll'd
bv
And re w St-oolhrc d
Ty pt'<;t ' l ill
Me rid ie-nh y ;-.sigci St rnd v·>1c \.. ,
1l"'[J1~
h ierogl yphs
1: 0111
t h e
l~kl1
Forn
J("si~lIt'd
b v
~:~(.'l)
}lllg~dl1s.
Exi ra
d i,lail ifs
.md
h iero glyph s
h~"
Si ge l Su u dwi ck .
Chapter 4 Scenes and captions
§28 C1p ti,) m : th e m lin iriv c 49
§2 9 Ad ur a tion
50
§ , 0 Verb classe s a n d t h e tutmirivc
50
§ " The [,1f1) lS o f th e inf in itiv e 5.2
Till'
cult ofCh iris at
Abydo:
5.J
( l iver
d t·::. ign:
"t~nIlCl
Ii
Ca Iroll
Co ve r: ln scnp uon
O il J
ri 11lJI i mp le t ncr u .
dcd tc.ne.t
by
J\:in~
S n l \ vnSf e l
I
hi
II;S
J nt" CS\ or
Kiq :
i\ k l: lj u h t lh 'V
:1. For
.11:
cxp l.nr.ui u n
0:
l i h'
in sc npn ou. se t' p a s t' I
~~'"
T ilt' ,\.k lr n jl()lil.l ll
,\ 111o::,CIH!1
u f
An , N r-w Yo r k ,
.1CC.
lt d . 2~.] I , Rl)~l'r"
fu ud .
1 92·~
Chapter 2 More u ses of hieroglyphs
§ ll 2-con son a nt sign s 15
§ 12 , -col15on a nt signs
J
7
§ 13 Id eo gra m s: s' lu lld- m e.1nin g ; iglls
17
t:i 14 Varia n t w riti n gs 18
§ I 5 Wri t ing th e pl ur a l
J<)
§ 16
="
li b,
'a il, cver v. .my' and
="
11/ ',
'lo rd , m aster'
J<}
§ I; RUy.1l na m es a :..I tu les
20
!j
I II Rova l e p it h ers 21
§1 9 Da tiug 2 1
Chu rt
{If
r,'y ,11
J.VJt.1'tIL~S
2':
E'(crclSrS 2 3
Pru .u -d
i ll
(~r('Jl
Brhar n
Ch a p ter 5 Descript ion
§ >2 tn rrod uruo u : d escri pti'1n 6 5
§B Th e pas t :
slim,,,
r=j )
65
~,4 Auxilinric~
66
§ 35
Or u isviot:
o f th e first p erso n s lIffix
p ro uuuu
07'
~'b
Su ffix
PT d I Wl111 <;
67
~,7
'Th e lM')l rcl .u ivc [o rm :
.';J111t.J1(~J)
68
Names and ki nship terms 69
§54
The'
appeal W llte living
t
i :
§5 ) Wishes. expect.'tion s an d reqnesis:
the
tui urc
s4m(~fJ
1 ; ·1
§56 The Abydos for mnla
114
§57
Pur pose and cau sar iou
!
15
§5S :'-:ega iioll
115
§59 for ms of
th e
srlmly-!"
an d th e
futur e
s!f.m(~.')
n «
§60 Adjectives in
-y
117
Exercises
J J9
Ch a p ter
6
Further aspects of d escr ip tion
§
38 Cant inUJI:O ll
SO
§
39 Negalion
81
§40 Making someone do
",mething
82
§4 1 Depcnd ent
pr onou ns
82
§42 The present
tens e
83
§4 3 Other things going on
84
Exercises 85
Introduction
Th e aim of th is book is
10
enable you
to
read and e njo y the h ier oglyph s
a n d the langu age of ancient Egyp t.
It
is ch iefl y aimed at th ose who ha ve
h ad n o previous experience of reading h ieroglyphs, bu t shou ld al so ben-
efit ot h e rs who w ould like
to
im pro ve their kn owled ge in line w ith con-
temporary re search . Above all, this is a practical guide: from the ver y
beg inning yo u will b e in tro d u ced
10
ge nuine hieroglyphic te xt s. with full
su ppo rting exp lan at ions and study aid s. In or de r
to
d o this, we have con -
centrated on m onuments in the British Museum, in particular th e ste la e
(or funera ry im criptions) of Egypt ia n officials, as well as coffin s, romb
scen e s, and the famou s Abydos King -list of Ram esses II. Eac h ch apter
introduce s yo u
to
a n ew feature o f the hie rogl yphic scri p t o r the la ngu age ,
and ends with copies o f in scriptions on which you ca n pr actise your skills .
We b elie ve thi s approach ha s a number
o l
advantage s.
Firs t. by reading gen uine anci en t inscri p tio ns from the first les so n ,
yo u can build up yo ur familiarity with the tricks of the trade: everyth in g
h ere (fro m in di vid u al sign s
to
whole ins cripti ons) is typi cal o f the kind of
monuments displa yed , no t j us t in th e Bri tish Museum, bu t in m u se um s
throughout the world. Secondly, b y reading th ese monuments, we h op e
yo u will fe el a real sen se o f a chievement at each sta ge of the b ook.
Th ird ly, con centrating on a coh er e nt group o f monuments
W1]]
a llow u s
to
rai se so m e im po rt ant topics - suc h a s th e ro le o f Osiris, god of the d ead,
and the Mysteries cele brated at hi s cult ce nt re. Abyd os - which will help
yo u
to
u n de rsta nd th e cu ltural b a ckgro u n d o f these monumel1ls.
Rather tha n cra m m ing in unnece ssa ry d e rail . w e will give you
plem v o f pr acti ce in reading hieroglyphs, and introduce yo u
to
the m o st
common fea tures o r th e ancient Egypt ian langu a ge as it ap p ea rs on these
monuments. Th is will give yo u a firm basis on which
10
buil d,
if
yO ll
later
move on
to
stud y other genr es of th e we alth o f te xts whi ch surv ives from
an cient Egypt -literature, religiou s wisdom. ro yal de cree s, or whateve r.
Th is bo ok h as developed a lit o f a course wh ich we h ave been te ach -
in g sinc e 199 2 .
It
wa s clear to
US
back the n tha t the exis ting introductions
to
ancient Egyptian were either
100
bri ef or
100
d et ailed , and th at there
About the
Iront
cover
126
Cha p ter
7
Ch ar a cterisation
§44 Adjectives
9 3
§45 Adjectives used as
n ouns
94
§40 Participles
94
§47 Parti ciples and epithets 95
§48 Part iciples as no uns
96
§4 9 CharaClerisalion with
~
ink 96
§50 Passive pan iciples
98
§5 1
ill
+ n oun +
participle
:nO
§52 Relative
Iorms
again
lOu
M idd!" Kin
yd
,'m titles
luI
Exercises 104
HIerog lyp hic s ign-lists for t he exercises
I I- co n so na nt
signs
127
II
Somc common 2-consonant signs
;21
111
SOniC common 3-collsonall! signs
ill
IV
Som e
conuno n ideograms
128
V
Full sign list
129
Re fer e nce tables
Verb
forms
144
Pronouns, noun s and adjectives
148
Egy ptian-English vo cabula ry
151
Key to the exercises
16::
Chapter
8
Th e future
§53 The
s4m ty.fy
rOflll
II I
Bib liog raphy a n d furt her reading
1
_ ,
,~
In dex
I
7 ~
"
Int rodu ai on
ix
vii i
How
10
read E.qyp li an iIie,,',qlyphs
studying at home. We have ta ught the co urse in va n ou s guises fo r seve r-
al gro ups a nd insti tu tio ns: the Unive rsity of Londo n Ce n tre for Ext ra-
Mural
$1
ud tes. the Egypt Explo ration Societ y. the Universit y o f Glasgow.
th e Wor kers Edu ca tio n al Associa tion. the Sussex Egyptol ogy Societ y a nd
the Tha me s Valle y Egyptological Soc iety at the University of Rea ding . At
the Bloo msbu ry Summer Sch oo l in part icu la r. we h av e had th e cha nce
10
introduce people
to
hiero glyp hs in the ho t-house of a single. conce ntrar-
ed wee k of stu dy. Th is book
OWl' S
a g reat deal
10
t he co nstr uc tive feed ba ck
of the stu de n ts at all these ven ues . wh o ha ve helpe d us (som eti mes forced
u s' )
to
re fin e a nd clari fy the text. and as a resul t it is m uc h cleare r a nd
more accessible . Althoug h it woul d be im possible
10
ac knowledge so
many by name. w e are immensel y gra teful
10
each a nd eve ryone of them
for t he ir en th usiasm a n d feedba ck. a nd for e ncourag in g US in o ur belief
th at th is hook - a nd th e approach it em bo dies - is a worthwh ile pr oject.
In
developing th is p rojec t into bo ok form. we h ave ha d the good for -
tune to be a ble
10
draw o n the kn owled ge a nd s up por t of ma ny peop le.
At the British M useum, Vivian Davi es. Keepe r of Egyptian Antiq ui ties .
first brou gh t th e pro ject to th e a ttention of Brit ish Muse um Pre ss. and
e ncour aged us
10
ma ke use of Richar d Parki nson 's exp ert ise in copyi ng
hier oglyph ic mo n ume nts: Ste phe n Quir ke freely sh ared hi s co n side ra ble
knowled ge o f Middle Kingdo m officiald om . as well as e nco urageme nt and
th e fir st round of d ri n ks: a s noted.
I'll'
are especially gra teful to Rich ar d
Par kin son lo r hi s o uts tanding line dra wi ngs. At Bloom sbu ry Su mme r
Sch ool. we would like to thank th e Director. Ch risto ph e r Coleman. who
allowed LI S ca rte blanc he
10
dev elo p lan guage course s. a nd a lso his
admirab le staff fo r diligen tly keep ing u s all (tu tor s and stu de n ts) ali ve .
Seve ra l colleagu es have h el ped u s
to
teac h hie ro glyph s at the Sch ool:
Ludwig Mo re nz. Toby Wilkinson. a nd especially J ose -Ra m on Perez-
Accino , who is now a regu lar partner in o ur teaching. At the Univ e rsity
of Lon do n Ce nt re for Extra -M u ral Stu dies. our grateful th a nk s are due
to
Tony Legge and Lesle y Han niga n . who allo wed us th e freedom
10
dev el -
op t he cou rse as
I'll'
Si\W
fit. a nd also
to
Louise La m be. Ma rk d rafted his
co ntrib u tio ns
to
the boo k wh ile a resident Fellow a t All Souls College .
Ox for d. a nd comple ted th em afte r h is a ppo int m ent
to
the Schoo l of
Arch aeology. Classics a nd Oriental Stu dies. Unive rsity of Liverp oo l; h e
wo uld like
to
ackn owledge the sup port o f both these institution s. His
work on th e language sections of t he hook has deve loped in ta ndem w ith
his comprehensive u ndergradua te gramma r co urse.
t ntrodu ction to Middl e
f.:qyptiml.
whic h w ill be published sepa ra tely.
We a rc gra tefu l
to
the stal! of t he British Mu seum Press. not least for
agreeing to take on such a complex book ; above all o ur edit or. Ca ro lyn
Jo nes . for he r de dicati on and goo d h umour in dealing with su ch a
demanding project . We wo u ld specially like
to
thank Nigel Strudwick for
undert ak ing th e Eng lish a nd
Eg~'Ptian
type sett in g. and Helen Stru d wic k
for cor rec ting proofs in Nigel's abse nce . Fina lly o ur t han ks are due
to
Ma rk Mechan. wh o pre pared th e map o f Abydo s on page 55.
It is customary
to
ad d a fina l wor d about part n e rs. nut in th e present
case o u r love a nd ge n u in e heartfelt th anks a rt' due
10
our wive s. Jo an ne
Tim pson an d Kathy Mc Fall . w ho h a ve put LIp with us, a nd th is pro jec t. for
a long tim e . In part icu lar. Joa n ne . as well as toping with t he a rriva l of
Oliver a nd a preoccupi ed husba nd. st ill fou nd t ime
to
com m en t o n the
fina l dra ft.
Ma rk
Collier
Bill Manley
t.h
apter
J
Illustrations
Hieroglyphs
Th e lin e drawings of ih e stelae re- produced in th is boo k w ere d rawn by
Richa rd Par kinson, Dep artmen t of Egyp tia n Ant iq uities , British Mu se um .
The sce nes from ihe Middle Kin gdo m io m bs .n Me ir ar e from A.M .
Bla ckm an,
The Rock Tom bs of
Mm .
vo ls I
and
11 . Egypt Expl or ati on
Societ y.
Lon do n 19 14 an d 1915 ;
w e
ar e graieful to ih e Society [or pe rm issio n
10
re pro du ce rhem. The ph oi o graphs on pa ges 3 1. 44 . 63. 64. 108 a nd 125
a re suppli ed cou rt esy o f th e Tru ste e s of th e British Museum . C Briti sh
M useum Ph ot ograp hic Se rvice. M a rk Meeh an prepa red th e map o f Ab yd os
o n page 55.
§ 1 Introduction
Hier oglyphs a n ' pict u res use d as sign s in writ in g. Man y depict livin g crea -
iures o r o bjec ts (o r t h e ir pa n s ):
:it
scale d mart
<:::;-::>
mou th
wat e r-pot
And . as yo u mi gh t expect , so m e signs rep rese nt th e object th e y dep ict . So .
for exa m ple, the mouth-sign
-=-->
is u sed
10
writ e the wo rd for m o ut h , us u-
ally in combinatio n wli h a str oke -sign (see § 13 belo w fo r ihi s sig n ):
7
r
mou th
A uth ors' note:
Due
10
refurbish m ent wo rk
a1
the British M use u m durin g
199 7 -8 . it h as n ot alwa ys bee n possible fo r th e au th ors 10 colla te th eir
own co pies again st ihe orig ina l m onume nt s.
Ho we ve r, ver y few wo rds a re act ual ly wrinen in ihi s way . In ste ad. hie ro -
glyphi c pio ur e -sigu s a re u sed to con vey t h e
sound
(a n d mea ning) of th e
an cient Egyptian lan guage, j u st as th e letters of ou r own alpha bet con ve y
ih e so u nds o f Eng lish . So. fo r exa mple. ihe hi e roglyph s abov e ibe figu re
roastin g th e goo se do n ot rea d ' reed . ch ick. ma ti, face ' eic .. which ma kes n o
sen se; rat h er, i h ey co n vey ihe so u n ds of var iou s words
in
Egypt ian w hich
toge ther h a ve th e follo wing m ea ni ng:
' f
h a ve be en roast tu g since th e
beginnin g of rime - I hav e n eve r
see n ih e like of
thi s
goo se'
(Meir Ill, pI. 2 3 )
The pu rp o se of th is boo k is
10
sho w yo u j us: h o w this is do n e ,
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]